Feasibility and outcomes of percutaneous thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma in a transplanted allograft.

PURPOSE: To examine the safety, feasibility, and oncologic control following percutaneous image-guided thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a transplanted allograft. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review was performed to identify patients who underwent liver transplantation for HCC and subsequently underwent percutaneous hepatic thermal ablation for recurrent HCC within the allograft between January 1st, 2000-September 1st, 2016. Eleven patients with hepatic allograft HCC underwent twelve percutaneous thermal ablation procedures to treat 16 lesions. Patient, procedural characteristics, and local oncologic efficacy were reviewed. Complications were characterized via the Common Terminology for Clinically Adverse Events nomenclature [CTCAE] v4.03). RESULTS: Eleven transplant recipients underwent treatment of 16 HCC tumors in their allografts during 12 ablation sessions. Mean follow-up time was 25 months (range 2-96 months). Local oncologic control was achieved in 10 of 11 tumors (91%) with imaging follow-up. One patient (8%) with Roux-en-Y biliary reconstruction developed a major complication with hepatic abscess. CONCLUSION: Thermal ablation of recurrent HCC in transplanted allografts can be accomplished safely with acceptable rates of local control for patients with duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction. Due to the high number of patients deemed surgically unresectable, the morbidity of surgical resection, the side effects of targeted therapies, and significant mortality associated with recurrences in the transplanted allograft, patients may benefit from percutaneous thermal ablative treatments. Further study is needed to assess the role of thermal ablation in allograft HCC recurrences as primary therapy or in a multimodality approach with emerging systemic therapies.

Percutaneous Retrograde Transhepatic Arterial Puncture to Regain Access in the True Lumen of the Dissected and Acutely Occluded Transplant Hepatic Artery.

Iatrogenic hepatic artery dissection is a serious complication that can progress to complete hepatic artery occlusion and graft loss. Restoration of arterial flow to the graft is urgent, but the severity and extent of the dissection may interfere with endovascular techniques. The authors describe a technique of percutaneous retrograde transhepatic arterial puncture to regain access into the true lumen of the dissected hepatic artery to restore in-line flow to the liver graft.

Choice of Partial Splenic Embolization Technique in Liver Transplant Recipients Correlates With Risk of Infectious Complications.

BACKGROUND: Complications of cirrhosis may persist after liver transplantation. When indicated, partial splenic embolization (PSE) is an alternative to splenectomy but can cause severe infection. The identification of modifiable risk factors when performing PSE in immunocompromised liver transplant recipients may help reduce the risk of severe infection. METHODS: Data were collected retrospectively for all PSE performed after liver transplantation at a single institution and included demographics, etiology of liver disease, indication for PSE, vaccination status, laboratory findings, procedural details, extent and pattern of splenic infarction, hospital length-of-stay, readmissions, procedural complications, and mortality. Statistical analysis included 2-tailed t test, Fisher exact test, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves, with significance defined as P < .05. RESULTS: Sixteen patients received 22 embolizations, with 11 patients undergoing a single session and 5 patients undergoing multiple sessions. Indications included hypersplenism, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, ascites, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. PSE produced significant and sustained cell count increases, improved ascites, and controlled hemorrhage. Splenic abscess, septic shock, need for splenectomy, and PSE-related mortality were seen in the group with large confluent splenic infarction but not in peripheral/wedge-shaped infarction. Multiple-session PSE exclusively using particles for embolization correlated with the pattern of peripheral/wedge-shaped infarction and avoided severe infection and PSE-related mortality. CONCLUSIONS: PSE in the immunosuppressed liver transplant recipient is an effective alternative to splenectomy, but carries substantial infectious risk. The risk is decreased when PSE performed with polyvinyl alcohol particles results in a pattern of peripheral/wedge-shaped infarction, which correlates with smaller infarction volumes, favorable length-of-stay, and minimal risk of abscess, sepsis, and mortality.

Splenic embolization in liver transplant recipients: early outcomes.

Clinical improvement has been reported following splenic embolization for a wide variety of indications. Improvement following splenic embolization has been described in cirrhotic patients awaiting hepatic transplantation who are not candidates for surgical splenectomy. Occasionally, patients who have undergone hepatic transplantation have conditions that may also benefit from nonsurgical intervention with splenic embolization. Indications include persistent hypersplenism and pancytopenia precluding optimal treatment with antiviral therapy or chemotherapy, risk for persistent gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage, and splenic artery steal syndrome attenuating hepatic arterial perfusion. Limited data is available on the outcome of splenic embolization in liver transplant recipients. We present the early outcomes of liver transplant recipients who were treated with splenic embolization. A retrospective chart review of all liver transplant recipients who underwent splenic embolization between 1997 and 2006 was performed, under minimal-risk study approval by the institutional review board. Five liver transplant recipients received splenic embolization: 3 for persistent hypersplenism, 1 for increased risk of gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage, and 1 for splenic artery steal syndrome. The patients with hypersplenism demonstrated hematologic improvement, the patient with gastroesophageal varices did not experience any hemorrhage on follow-up, and the patient with splenic artery steal experienced resolution of the steal phenomenon. Postembolization syndrome was observed but no splenic abscess or death occurred. Mean follow-up was 20.2 months. In conclusion, splenic embolization is a safe and effective nonsurgical alternative for a variety of indications in liver transplant recipients.

Preoperative chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing liver transplantation: influence of emergent versus elective procedures on patient survival and tumor recurrence rate.

Our purpose was to compare the recurrence rate and survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who had elective transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), immediate preoperative TACE, or no treatment prior to orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). A total of 132 patients with HCC had TACE prior to OLT. Eighteen patients had no TACE before OLT and functioned as a control group. The urgent group included 35 patients embolized less than 24 h before OLT and the elective group included 97 patients embolized greater than 1 day before transplantation. These groups were compared with regard to tumor staging, hepatic synthetic function, and post-TACE tumor necrosis and survival and recurrence rates. Patients were followed for a mean of 780 days post OLT (1-2912 days). The tumor staging was similar between groups but the Childs-Pugh score in the urgent and untreated group was significantly higher than that of the other groups. The degree of necrosis at explant was also significantly different between the two treated groups, with an average 35% necrosis in the patients embolized less than 24 h before OLT vs 77% in the elective group (p < 0.002). Recurrence rate in the urgent group was 8 of 35 (23%) in a median of 580 days, 20 of 97 (21%) in a median of 539 days in the elective group, and 2 of 18 (11%) in a median of 331 days in the no-TACE group. Survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 91%, 80%, and 72% in the elective group, 79%, 58%, and 39% in the urgent group, and 69%, 61%, and 41% in the no-TACE group, respectively. The urgent and no-TACE groups had significantly worse survival compared with the other groups; however, the tumor recurrence rates were statistically the same among all three groups. TACE within 24 h of OLT causes an average of 35% necrosis and elective TACE increases necrosis further to 77%. Despite this difference, the tumor recurrence rate in the three groups is equivalent and no different from that in the group that received no treatment before OLT. The decreased survival in the immediate and no-TACE groups was due to non-cancer-related deaths.

Midterm outcome of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in octogenarians: a single institution's experience.

OBJECTIVES: We analyzed midterm durability of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) in octogenarians compared with younger patients. METHODS: Data for 182 consecutive patients who underwent elective EVAR between 1999 and 2003 were retrospectively reviewed. Forty-nine patients (27%) were 80 years or older (study group [SG]; mean age, 84 years; range, 80-89 years), and 133 patients (73%) were younger (control group [CG]; mean age, 72 years; range, 53-79 years). Chi2 analysis, Fisher exact test, Student t test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used as appropriate to test for intergroup differences. Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank tests, and multivariate Cox models were used for time-to-event analysis, with P < or =.05 considered significant. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 16 months (range, 1-43 months). Body weight was higher (P <.001), and elevated plasma lipid levels (59% vs 43%; P =.042) and use of nicotine (47% vs 29%; P =.015) more frequent in the octogenarians. Baseline aneurysm size, procedure-related data, and hospital stay were comparable between groups. Aneurysm-related mortality was 0% in the study group and 0.7% in the control group (P =.740). Systemic complications occurred in 22% (SG) versus 11% (CG) (P =.035), owing to a rise in serum creatinine concentration greater than 30% of baseline in 14% in the octogenarian group (vs 5% in the CG; P =.048). Groin lymphoceles developed in 12% (SG) versus 2% (CG; P =.013). Technical success was 96% (SG) versus 98% (CG; P =.408), and clinical success was 86% versus 90% (P =.269). No aneurysm rupture occurred during follow-up, and aneurysm-related adverse events were comparable between groups. The estimated risk for any type of endoleak (2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-4.2; P =.023) or type II endoleak (2.1; 95% CI, 1.0-4.3; P = 0.51) was higher in the study group versus the control group; however, this did not affect secondary procedure rates (SG 16% vs CG 12%; estimated risk, SG vs CG,: 1.5; 95% CI, 0.6-3.6; P = 0.420) or aneurysm remodeling (97.2% combined aneurysm sac stabilization or decrease in both groups; P =.592). Aneurysm enlargement occurred in 2.8% (SG 1 vs CG 4; P =.592). CONCLUSION: Elective EVAR in octogenarians appears safe and effective over midterm follow-up, with a temporary decrease in renal function (14%) and postoperative lymphoceles (12%) being the most common postoperative adverse events. Advanced chronologic age is not associated with diminished procedural outcome, clinical success, or postoperative survival, compared with younger age. Because of low perioperative mortality and high procedural success, EVAR may be the preferred approach to abdominal aortic aneurysm treatment in selected elderly patients.

Endovascular therapy of iliac arteries: routine application of intraluminal stents does not improve clinical patency.

Our objective in this study was to review our experience with endovascular therapy of iliac artery occlusive disease over the past decade, and to compare the results of angioplasty alone with the addition of endovascular stents to these procedures. This report details a retrospective analysis of clinical data on 141 consecutive patients with iliac artery occlusive disease, treated by balloon angioplasty alone, or with the addition of intraluminal stents. The procedures analyzed included 58 common iliac artery interventions (26 angioplasties and 32 stent insertions) and 83 external iliac artery procedures (43 angioplasties and 40 stent insertions). Early and continued success, and their components, are reported and compared according to published standards. While endovascular therapy of iliac artery occlusive disease is effective in relieving symptoms, clinical patency rates are lower than those reported for direct reconstruction. Primary stent placement has not enhanced clinical patency in the iliac arteries, and the selective insertion of these devices for more complicated angioplasty procedures seems warranted.

Impact of peripherally inserted central catheters on phlebitic complications of peripheral intravenous therapy in spinal cord injury patients.

We investigated the impact of peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) placement in spinal cord injury patients at high risk for infusion phlebitis. The rate and etiology of phlebitis was investigated in two phases. During Phase I, peripheral IV cannulae and conventional central venous catheters (CVC) were used. During Phase II, patients identified to be at risk for phlebitis received PICCs. The number of peripheral IVs, CVCs and PICCs was tabulated for both phases of the study. Technical, infectious and thrombotic complications were studied prospectively for PICCs and retrospectively for CVCs. We found the rate of phlebitis was 16.5 percent and 2.4 percent for Phases I and II, respectively (p = 0.0002). Three infections occurred in 38 PICCs and one infection was documented in 13 conventional CVCs. The number of peripheral IVs and conventional CVCs was reduced significantly from Phase I to Phase II. No procedural complications, catheter sepsis or clinically apparent venous thrombosis occurred. In conclusion, PICCs reduced the rate of phlebitis thresholds with a low complication rate and reduced the use of peripheral IVs and conventional CVCs.

Interventional procedures in the intensive care unit patient.

Image-guided interventional techniques have markedly altered the management of many cardiothoracic problems in the intensive care unit. These techniques are less invasive, more patient friendly, and cost-effective. This article covers venous line placement and management, transpleural and transpulmonary biopsy and drainage procedures and interventions for variceal bleeding, massive hemoptysis, massive pulmonary embolism, and veno-occlusive disease.

Fibrin sleeve stripping for salvage of failing hemodialysis catheters: technique and initial results.

PURPOSE: To evaluate percutaneous fibrin sleeve stripping (PFSS) to prolong functional patency in failing hemodialysis catheters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty PFSS procedures were performed in 24 catheters in 23 consecutive patients with an inadequate blood flow rate (< 200 mL/min) during hemodialysis. The fibrin sleeve was mechanically stripped off the shaft of the catheter with a snare introduced via the common femoral vein. Durability of PFSS was determined with life-table analysis. RESULTS: Median time from catheter placement to initial failure was 3.5 months (range, 5 days to 22 months). The technical success rate for PFSS was 100%; initial patency was restored in 39 of 40 procedures (98%), and no symptomatic pulmonary embolism occurred. Primary patency after single PFSS was 45% at 3 months and 28% at 6 months (median added patency, 2.8 months). Postprocedure secondary patency with multiple PFSS procedures was 83% at 3 months and 72% at 6 months (P = .01) (overall catheter patency, 90% at 6 months and 81% at 1 year [P < .001]). CONCLUSION: Multiple PFSS procedures can prolong patency in hemodialysis catheters with a fibrin sleeve.

Lumbar cribriform fascia: appearance at freezing microtomy and MR imaging.

Axial T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images and exactly corresponding sections obtained with freezing microtomy of cadaveric lumbosacral spinal columns were compared to describe the MR appearance of the cribriform fascia within the neural foramen. On anatomic sections, the cribriform fascia was identified as a thin sheet of tissue in the lateral neural foramen. On MR images, the cribriform fascia appeared as a thin band of low signal intensity, which contrasted with the high-signal-intensity epidural fat. The cribriform fascia is another landmark in the neural foramen that can be identified with MR imaging.